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Calendars

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Calendar (lat.  Calendarium  - debt book: in ancient Rome, the debtors pay interest on the day of the calends, the first of the month) - number system of large periods of time, based on the frequency of motion of celestial bodies: the Sun - vsolnechnyh calendars, moon - in the lunar calendar, while the Sun and Moon vlunno-solar calendars. Also, the calendar is a list of days, with the division into weeks and months and marking holidays and occasional reference book with a consistent list of days, weeks, months of the year, as well as other information of various kinds.

The units used in a calendar [ edit  |  edit the wiki text ]

Day [ edit  |  edit the wiki text ]

Main article: Day

Day - time unit, approximately equal to the period of the Earth's rotation around its axis.

Usually under the clock meant astronomical concept sunny day. In common parlance it is often referred to as day  by day .

Calendar day is weeks, months, years.

Week [ edit  |  edit the wiki text ]

Main article: Week

Week - a unit of time, more than a day, and less than a month. The seven-day week is not a constant: for example, the ritual of the week was 10 days in China epohiShan.

The seven-day week for the first time came into use in the Ancient East (in Babylon) [1] . In the I century began to use it in Rome, from where it spread throughout Western Europe.

In most modern calendars, including the Gregorian calendar, and those that are not based on Judeo-Christian reckoning of time, week consists of 7 days, making it the largest common time unit containing the exact number of days. Week has pryamoyastronomicheskoy bases, it is widely used as a unit of time.

The ancient Egyptians used the ten-week (decades).

The ancient Mayan week consisted of 13 days; they have been used and 20-day week (both in calendar Tzolkin).

Thanks to European colonization and the subsequent globalization, 7-day week has been applied everywhere, even in those cultures that have not previously been a unit of time.

There are calendars, designed so that each date always fell on the same day of the week each year. This can be achieved if you make a week depending on the year, with a few days a year do not belong to one week. Thus, for example, projects a constant kalendaryasoderzhat 52 weeks plus 1 or 2 days, and the French revolutionary calendar consists of 36 weeks, 10 days, and 5 or 6 additional days. Year may also depend on the week, so that there were 52 or 53 weeks in the former Icelandic calendar.

Month [ edit  |  edit the wiki text ]

Main article: Month

Month - a unit of measurement of time associated with the handling of the Moon around the Earth.

Lunar months are the basis of many calendars. As a result of excavations the researchers concluded that people view the days in accordance with the phases of the moon, as a minimum, with the Paleolithic.

Since the bill requires the convenience of a number of days in the month, and the various periods of the Moon is 27,2-29,6 day and whole day can not be calculated, calendars have long sought to compensate for the inaccuracy of the variable length of months and / or the introduction of additional days.

The lunar and lunisolar calendar used by Jews, Muslims, Chinese, Indians and others, the duration of the month 29 or 30 days. Some calendars beginning of the month falls on the day of the actual astronomical new moon, in others the beginning of the month is determined directly by observations.

In the Gregorian and the Julian calendar used by the fixed length of the month is not associated with the change of the Moon phases.

Year [ edit  |  edit the wiki text ]

Main article: Year

Year - a common unit of measurement of time, which has historically meant a single cycle of the seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter). In most countries, the duration of the calendar year is equal to 365 or 366 days. At present, the year is also used as a temporary characteristics of planets around stars in planetary systems, such as the Earth around the sun.

Calendar year in the Gregorian and Julian calendar is 365 days in non-leap years and 366 days in leap years. The average length of the year is 365.2425 days of the Gregorian and 365.25 days for the Julian calendar.

Calendar year in the Islamic calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days - 12 lunar months. The average length of a year - 354.37 days, which is less than the tropical year, and therefore Muslim holidays "roam" on the seasons.

Calendar year in the Jewish calendar contains 353, 354 or 355 days in a simple year and 383, 384 or 385 days in a leap year. The average length of a year - 365.2468 days, which is close to the tropical year.

Century [ edit  |  edit the wiki text ]

Main article: The Age

Century - a unit of measurement of time equal to 100 years. Ten centuries constitute the millennium.

According to the Gregorian calendar, I century AD. e. It began on 1 January and 1 year old ended Dec. 31 100 years. II century began in the year 101, III century - in 201, etc. The last year of the century begins with the century (eg 2000 - the last year of the XX century)... In the Gregorian calendar there is no "zero age": after the I century BC. e. I started I century BC. e.

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